Cepheid and RR Lyrae variables are pulsating stars whose luminosities can be inferred from characteristic light-curve properties.
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Partial ionization zones in stellar envelopes can act as heat engines: opacity changes trap and release energy during expansion and contraction, sustaining radial pulsation.
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Parallax-calibrated variables establish absolute luminosity relations, and the same classes observed in clusters and external galaxies produce consistent distance scales after metallicity, extinction, and crowding effects are modeled.
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