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Galaxy clusters expose a large mass discrepancy through galaxy motions, hot X-ray gas, and gravitational lensing.
supportedGalaxy clusters expose a large mass discrepancy through galaxy motions, hot X-ray gas, and gravitational lensing. Clusters constrain dark matter, cosmological growth, neutrino mass, modified gravity, and the abundance of massive structures over cosmic time.
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Galaxy clusters expose a large mass discrepancy through galaxy motions, hot X-ray gas, and gravitational lensing.
supportedA deep cluster potential accelerates galaxies and confines hot plasma.
supportedIndependent mass estimates consistently imply dominant unseen mass in rich clusters, and lensing often reveals mass concentrations extending far beyond luminous galaxies.